Use of ASA for the Prevention of CVD

August 6, 2023

Aspirin for the primary prevention of heart disease – is it safe?

Heart and blood vessel disease, also known as cardiovascular disease (CVD), causes thousands of deaths in the United States each year.5 Examples of the consequences of CVD include heart attacks and stroke. Thus, finding ways to reduce the chances of patients having these diseases is important for healthcare providers. Exercise and eating healthy can help maintain a healthy heart, however, when the risk of heart problems is too high, providers may prescribe medication to help prevent them. Often, many providers suggest aspirin for this purpose. Aspirin protects the heart and blood vessels by stopping the formation of blood clots. Because of this, it can be used either for primary or secondary prevention of CVD.2,4 


  • Primary Prevention = Prevention in people without signs, symptoms, or history of heart problems, but at risk of having a heart disease.
  • Secondary Prevention = Prevention in people who have suffered a heart disease.


The use of aspirin for primary prevention of CVD has been questioned by recent studies. For this reason, new recommendations have been developed.4 Through this article, current recommendations and precautions with aspirin use will be discussed.


Health groups often study the scientific evidence for a specific topic and give medical advice to healthcare providers. This advice helps caregivers treat their patients in the best way possible. One of these groups is the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), composed of experts in disease prevention. This group of experts has provided new recommendations for the use of aspirin to prevent heart problems.6 The new recommendations were published on April 2022 and consist of important updates to the 2016 version. Their past and current recommendations for the prevention of heart disease are found in the next table.

Based on these updated recommendations, providers should only prescribe aspirin for CVD prevention to patients aged 40 to 59 years. Patients should also be at high risk of having heart problems to be considered. However, not all patients may qualify for aspirin use, as some may be at high risk of bleeding.4 Thus the USPSTF now recommends each case be assessed one by one. When doing so, healthcare providers should focus on the individual traits of each patient. Even so, predicting which patients may benefit from aspirin use is not an easy task. Therefore, these new recommendations guide the providers on the criteria they should review when prescribing aspirin to prevent heart disease.


Consider the following case: “John is a 55-year-old male that works at the post office. He likes to take Sunday walks, he does not smoke, and he has a history of diabetes. Overall, he has been very healthy. However, his recent cholesterol levels were high and he is starting to worry about future heart problems when he gets older.” The provider may go through the following steps to evaluate this case.


  • Age: the patient has an age where aspirin can be recommended for primary prevention of heart disease.
  • CVD risk: the patient’s history of diabetes and high cholesterol put him at risk of CVD.
  • Bleeding risk: the patient does not seem to have factors that could increase his bleeding risk. For example, older age, high blood pressure, or stomach ulcers.
  • Recommendation: the provider may decide to initiate aspirin in this patient as the benefits appear to be greater than the risks. 


In conclusion, aspirin is beneficial to heart health because it may prevent the formation of blood clots. By doing so, aspirin reduces the risk of heart and blood vessel problems. However, the risks of bleeding due to its use may be greater than the possible benefits.1,3 For this reason, recommendations now focus on evaluating each patient on a one-by-one basis. Thus, one should only use aspirin if a healthcare provider assures it is safe to do so. However, its use in adults aged 60 years or older should be avoided. Lifestyle choices can always be made to reduce the risk of having a heart disease (examples include eating healthy and exercising). Even so, you may be taking aspirin or thinking about the need to do so. Whichever the case, you should always ask your medical provider before making decisions that can affect your wellbeing.


At MC-Rx, our commitment to health is paramount. Our purpose is to maintain a healthy and informed community with the most up-to-date recommendations.


References

  1. Berger JS. Aspirin for Primary Prevention—Time to Rethink Our Approach. JAMA Network Open. 2022 Apr 26;5(4):e2210144.
  2. Berger JS, Brown DL, Becker RC. Low-Dose Aspirin in Patients with Stable Cardiovascular Disease: A Meta-analysis. The American Journal of Medicine. Elsevier; 2008 Jan 1;121(1):43–49.
  3. Cofer LB, Barrett TJ, Berger JS. Aspirin for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: Time for a Platelet-Guided Approach. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. American Heart Association; 2022 Oct;42(10):1207–1216.
  4. Guirguis-Blake JM, Evans CV, Perdue LA, Bean SI, Senger CA. Aspirin Use to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease and Colorectal Cancer: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2022 Apr 26;327(16):1585–1597.
  5. Tsao CW, Aday AW, Almarzooq ZI, Anderson CAM, Arora P, Avery CL, Baker-Smith CM, Beaton AZ, Boehme AK, Buxton AE, Commodore-Mensah Y, Elkind MSV, Evenson KR, Eze-Nliam C, Fugar S, Generoso G, Heard DG, Hiremath S, Ho JE, Kalani R, Kazi DS, Ko D, Levine DA, Liu J, Ma J, Magnani JW, Michos ED, Mussolino ME, Navaneethan SD, Parikh NI, Poudel R, Rezk-Hanna M, Roth GA, Shah NS, St-Onge MP, Thacker EL, Virani SS, Voeks JH, Wang NY, Wong ND, Wong SS, Yaffe K, Martin SS, null null. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association. Circulation. American Heart Association; 2023 Feb 21;147(8):e93–e621.
  6. US Preventive Services Task Force, Davidson KW, Barry MJ, Mangione CM, Cabana M, Chelmow D, Coker TR, Davis EM, Donahue KE, Jaén CR, Krist AH, Kubik M, Li L, Ogedegbe G, Pbert L, Ruiz JM, Stevermer J, Tseng CW, Wong JB. Aspirin Use to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2022 Apr 26;327(16):1577.


A stethoscope is laying on a piece of paper next to a pen
December 12, 2024
URAC accreditation reflects ProCare Rx’s commitment to achieving and maintaining the highest quality, member engagement and experience, and operational standards for PBMs in the industry
By Mc-Rx Team November 15, 2024
Mental health parity and medication adherence
By MC-Rx Clinical Team August 7, 2024
Understanding GLP-1 Medications The landscape of obesity management is evolving, with GLP-1 receptor agonist (RA) medications emerging as a significant player. These FDA-approved drugs have proven effective in helping individuals lose weight, prompting a shift in how they are viewed and covered by health plans. However, the cost implications and strategic decisions surrounding these medications require careful consideration by employer groups and their members. The Case for GLP-1 Medications GLP-1 RAs, originally developed for diabetes management, have shown remarkable efficacy in weight loss. With the growing prevalence of obesity and its associated healthcare costs, there's increasing pressure on health plans to cover these medications. Despite their high cost—annual retail pharmacy expenses can exceed $10,000 per patient—GLP-1 RAs offer potential downstream savings by reducing obesity-related comorbidities such as diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease​​. Balancing Coverage and Cost Historically, weight loss medications were deemed "lifestyle" drugs and excluded from coverage. However, the rising popularity of GLP-1 RAs and their demonstrated benefits are challenging this perspective. For plan sponsors, the decision to cover these medications involves balancing the high upfront costs with the potential for long-term savings on medical expenses related to obesity. Cost-Containment Strategies For payers choosing to cover GLP-1 medications, several cost-containment strategies can be employed: Formulary Management : Deciding on the placement of these medications within the formulary is crucial. Options range from not covering the drugs to placing them on a high-cost tier with patient cost-sharing. Prior Authorization and Step Therapy : Implementing these measures ensures that only patients with a proper diagnosis (e.g., ICD-10 code for obesity) access these medications, preventing misuse and overutilization. Prerequisite Programs : Requiring participation in wellness or nutrition programs before approving weight loss medications can encourage lifestyle modifications that complement pharmacological treatment. Specialist Restrictions : Limiting prescriptions to weight loss specialists, such as bariatric doctors or endocrinologists, ensures appropriate therapy and monitoring. Duration Limits : Establishing treatment guidelines, such as discontinuing medications if a target weight loss is not achieved within six months, helps manage long-term costs​​. The Role of Brokers and Employer Groups Brokers play a pivotal role in guiding employer groups through the complexities of covering GLP-1 medications. Understanding the cost-benefit dynamics and available cost-containment strategies enables brokers to provide informed recommendations that align with their clients' financial and health objectives. Employer groups, in turn, must weigh the potential benefits of covering these medications against their budgetary constraints and the overall well-being of their workforce. Member Education and Engagement Effective communication with members is essential to ensure they understand the coverage options and adhere to prescribed treatments. Educational initiatives can include: Patient Communication Programs : Providing information on medication adherence, compliance, and lifestyle modifications. Continuing Education : Ongoing programs to keep members informed about the benefits and proper use of weight loss medications. Monitoring and Support : Utilizing pharmacy and medical data to track outcomes and adjust strategies as needed​​. Balance the Scale with Expert Guidance from MC-Rx The adoption of GLP-1 medications for weight loss represents a significant advancement in obesity management. However, the high costs associated with these drugs necessitate careful planning and strategic implementation by brokers, employer groups, and members. By employing robust cost-containment strategies and prioritizing member education, health plans can navigate the financial challenges while delivering meaningful health benefits to their populations. MC-Rx, as a full-service pharmacy benefits manager, offers the expertise and tools to help clients optimize their coverage decisions and manage the complexities of incorporating GLP-1 medications into their health plans. Here are just a few of the GLP-1 strategies we use to shield our clients from excessive costs: Implementation of Drug Management Tools, which is critical to ensure proper utilization for GLP-1s. Strategic Benefit Design, which also protects clients from improper GLP-1 utilization. Clear Member Communication, which is crucial for proper adherence and compliance. When implemented with an existing client, the above-listed strategies helped them achieve $382,000 in cost avoidance for GLP-1s. With the right approach, the benefits of these medications can be realized, contributing to better health outcomes and potentially lowering overall healthcare costs in the long run. For more information on managing GLP-1 medications and other pharmacy benefits, reach out to an MC-Rx expert today .
By MC-Rx Clinical Team August 2, 2024
Mental Health Parity and Medication Adherence
March 21, 2024
MC-Rx, powered by ProCare Rx, has been notified by the Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy (AMCP) of the acceptance of their abstract, “Improving Adherence to HIV PREP via a PBM-Driven Educational Intervention” , for presentation at AMCP 2024 Conference in April.
February 23, 2024
Exploring the rising costs and demands of weight-loss medication and how to combat those costs, significantly lowering drug costs for payors and increasing access for patients who need them.
January 16, 2024
A message from Marileny Lugo, President, MC-Rx
January 16, 2024
A message from Marileny Lugo, President, MC-Rx
January 10, 2024
To decrease the burden on healthcare costs, at MC-Rx we strive to create awareness by educating our community regarding the importance of prevention.
September 28, 2023
Increased medication adherence has been linked to better clinical and financial outcomes.
More Posts
Share by: