Oral Contraceptives

September 13, 2022

Oral Contraceptives, Emergency Contraceptives and Abortive Medications

There are important differences between oral contraceptives, emergency contraceptives, and abortive

medications. These agents act differently and have different regulations, but all have the same purpose of birth

control. The following article provides information on the three methods.


Oral contraceptives work by mimicking the natural hormones produced within the ovaries, which prevents the

ovulation process and the transportation of sperm. Oral contraceptives are available in two formulations: a

combination of estrogen and progesterone, or progesterone only. Most combined contraceptives (estrogen plus

progesterone) are taken daily for 21 to 24 days and include a week of placebo tablets. Placebo tablets contain

inactive ingredients that have no therapeutic effect on the body and are taken daily to increase adherence to

therapy. On the other hand, progesterone-only contraceptives are taken every day and do not include placebo

tablets. To be effective, one tablet is taken the first day of the menstrual cycle and must continue to be taken

every day at the same time. If the tablet is not started during the menstrual cycle, therapy must be combined with

another backup method of contraception for seven (7) days. However, if a dose is forgotten, it is recommended to

take two (2) tablets the next day. If a dose is missed for two (2) consecutive days, take two (2) doses of the oral

contraceptive as soon as possible, then continue with the daily dose as prescribed and use a backup method of

contraception for seven (7) days. If a dose is forgotten for two consecutive days and unprotected sex occurred

during the five (5) days prior to forgetting the dose, consider using emergency contraception. If oral contraceptives

are used correctly and consistently, they are an effective method of contraception. Currently, a prescription is

required to obtain oral contraceptives at the pharmacy. However, there is the possibility of an over the counter

(OTC) product that may be available in the future.


Emergency contraception is used after unprotected sex or when a contraceptive method fails. Its mechanism of

action is to prevent fertilization by altering the transport of the sperm and/or egg. This method is capable of

reducing the probability of pregnancy even when the act occurs close to the time of ovulation, which is when

conception can most likely occur. The most widely used emergency contraceptive is known as the morning-after-

pill. A common brand name is Plan B, which contains a hormone that prevents pregnancy before implantation

occurs. This tablet should be taken as a single dose within the first 72 hours of unprotected sex and is most

effective the sooner it is taken after the occurrence of unprotected sex.


Abortive medications are drugs that generate a pharmacological abortion for pregnant patients. The oral regimen

consists of a combination of drugs: mifepristone (Mifeprex) and misoprostol (Cytotec). First, the mifepristone

(Mifeprex) tablet is taken to prevent the growth and development of the pregnancy, with the misoprostol (Cytotec)

tablet taken within the first 48 hours of taking the mifepristone (Mifeprex). This medication generates cramps and

bleeding to empty the uterus. This regimen requires a doctor's prescription and will follow the regulations of each country/state regarding planned abortions.


These three methods of birth control involve different mechanisms of action, are used for specific situations, and

must be managed appropriately. To avoid or minimize the occurrence of serious adverse events, they must be

administered correctly. Therefore, it is recommended to always contact the nearest healthcare provider, doctor

and/or pharmacist.


References:

Casey, F. E. (2022, June 21). Anticoncepción de Urgencia - Salud Femenina. Manual Merck

versión para el público general. Retrieved July 8, 2022, from https://www.merckmanuals.com/es-pr/hogar/salud-

femenina/planificaci%C3%B3n-famili ar/anticoncepci%C3%B3n-de-urgencia?query=Anticonceptivos+orales


Casey, F. E. (2022, June 21). Anticonceptivos Orales - Ginecología y obstetricia. Manual Merck

versión para profesionales. Retrieved July 8, 2022, from

https://www.merckmanuals.com/es-pr/professional/ginecolog%C3%ADa-y-obstetricia/pla

nificaci%C3%B3n-familiar/anticonceptivos-orales


Lane, M. (n.d.). Unintended pregnancy in the United States - Guttmacher Institute. Unintended

Pregnancy in the US. Retrieved July 8, 2022, from https://www.guttmacher.org/sites/default/files/factsheet/fb-

unintended-pregnancy-us.pdf


Parenthood, P. (n.d.). The abortion pill: Get the facts about medication abortion. Planned

Parenthood. Retrieved July 8, 2022, from https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/abortion/the-abortion-pill

A stethoscope is laying on a piece of paper next to a pen
December 12, 2024
URAC accreditation reflects ProCare Rx’s commitment to achieving and maintaining the highest quality, member engagement and experience, and operational standards for PBMs in the industry
By Mc-Rx Team November 15, 2024
Mental health parity and medication adherence
By MC-Rx Clinical Team August 7, 2024
Understanding GLP-1 Medications The landscape of obesity management is evolving, with GLP-1 receptor agonist (RA) medications emerging as a significant player. These FDA-approved drugs have proven effective in helping individuals lose weight, prompting a shift in how they are viewed and covered by health plans. However, the cost implications and strategic decisions surrounding these medications require careful consideration by employer groups and their members. The Case for GLP-1 Medications GLP-1 RAs, originally developed for diabetes management, have shown remarkable efficacy in weight loss. With the growing prevalence of obesity and its associated healthcare costs, there's increasing pressure on health plans to cover these medications. Despite their high cost—annual retail pharmacy expenses can exceed $10,000 per patient—GLP-1 RAs offer potential downstream savings by reducing obesity-related comorbidities such as diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease​​. Balancing Coverage and Cost Historically, weight loss medications were deemed "lifestyle" drugs and excluded from coverage. However, the rising popularity of GLP-1 RAs and their demonstrated benefits are challenging this perspective. For plan sponsors, the decision to cover these medications involves balancing the high upfront costs with the potential for long-term savings on medical expenses related to obesity. Cost-Containment Strategies For payers choosing to cover GLP-1 medications, several cost-containment strategies can be employed: Formulary Management : Deciding on the placement of these medications within the formulary is crucial. Options range from not covering the drugs to placing them on a high-cost tier with patient cost-sharing. Prior Authorization and Step Therapy : Implementing these measures ensures that only patients with a proper diagnosis (e.g., ICD-10 code for obesity) access these medications, preventing misuse and overutilization. Prerequisite Programs : Requiring participation in wellness or nutrition programs before approving weight loss medications can encourage lifestyle modifications that complement pharmacological treatment. Specialist Restrictions : Limiting prescriptions to weight loss specialists, such as bariatric doctors or endocrinologists, ensures appropriate therapy and monitoring. Duration Limits : Establishing treatment guidelines, such as discontinuing medications if a target weight loss is not achieved within six months, helps manage long-term costs​​. The Role of Brokers and Employer Groups Brokers play a pivotal role in guiding employer groups through the complexities of covering GLP-1 medications. Understanding the cost-benefit dynamics and available cost-containment strategies enables brokers to provide informed recommendations that align with their clients' financial and health objectives. Employer groups, in turn, must weigh the potential benefits of covering these medications against their budgetary constraints and the overall well-being of their workforce. Member Education and Engagement Effective communication with members is essential to ensure they understand the coverage options and adhere to prescribed treatments. Educational initiatives can include: Patient Communication Programs : Providing information on medication adherence, compliance, and lifestyle modifications. Continuing Education : Ongoing programs to keep members informed about the benefits and proper use of weight loss medications. Monitoring and Support : Utilizing pharmacy and medical data to track outcomes and adjust strategies as needed​​. Balance the Scale with Expert Guidance from MC-Rx The adoption of GLP-1 medications for weight loss represents a significant advancement in obesity management. However, the high costs associated with these drugs necessitate careful planning and strategic implementation by brokers, employer groups, and members. By employing robust cost-containment strategies and prioritizing member education, health plans can navigate the financial challenges while delivering meaningful health benefits to their populations. MC-Rx, as a full-service pharmacy benefits manager, offers the expertise and tools to help clients optimize their coverage decisions and manage the complexities of incorporating GLP-1 medications into their health plans. Here are just a few of the GLP-1 strategies we use to shield our clients from excessive costs: Implementation of Drug Management Tools, which is critical to ensure proper utilization for GLP-1s. Strategic Benefit Design, which also protects clients from improper GLP-1 utilization. Clear Member Communication, which is crucial for proper adherence and compliance. When implemented with an existing client, the above-listed strategies helped them achieve $382,000 in cost avoidance for GLP-1s. With the right approach, the benefits of these medications can be realized, contributing to better health outcomes and potentially lowering overall healthcare costs in the long run. For more information on managing GLP-1 medications and other pharmacy benefits, reach out to an MC-Rx expert today .
By MC-Rx Clinical Team August 2, 2024
Mental Health Parity and Medication Adherence
March 21, 2024
MC-Rx, powered by ProCare Rx, has been notified by the Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy (AMCP) of the acceptance of their abstract, “Improving Adherence to HIV PREP via a PBM-Driven Educational Intervention” , for presentation at AMCP 2024 Conference in April.
February 23, 2024
Exploring the rising costs and demands of weight-loss medication and how to combat those costs, significantly lowering drug costs for payors and increasing access for patients who need them.
January 16, 2024
A message from Marileny Lugo, President, MC-Rx
January 16, 2024
A message from Marileny Lugo, President, MC-Rx
January 10, 2024
To decrease the burden on healthcare costs, at MC-Rx we strive to create awareness by educating our community regarding the importance of prevention.
September 28, 2023
Increased medication adherence has been linked to better clinical and financial outcomes.
More Posts
Share by: